![]() ![]() This method, known as under-excavation, involves installing a number of adjacent soil extraction tubes just beneath the north side of the foundation. Finding a method of reducing the inclination was far from successful.Īfter a number of initial attempts, the final measure of correcting the Tower’s tilt was chosen, the correction was consisted of the gradual extraction of the soil from the lower part of Horizon A, on the northern part of the tower. ![]() In September 1995 („Black September“) additional attempts to stabilize the tower unfortunately increased the lean and almost caused the Tower to collapse. Temporary stabilisation of the foundation was achieved during the second half of 1993 by the application of lead weights on the north side of the foundations which caused a reduction in inclination and more importantly, it reduced the overturning moment by about ten percent. The horizon A is more compressible on the south side because of the fluctuating ground-water level due to seasonal heavy rainstorms. The cause of the lean is the underlying soft estuarine deposits in horizon A (shown in the illustration below) on which the tower is built on. The image below shows the cross-section through the Tower in the plane of maximum tilt as it was in 1993 before the stabilization work commenced. Thereafter its inclination continued to increase. The construction process can be seen in the illustration below.Īs you can see from the illustration above, the leaning of the tower southwards began during the second construction stage. Its construction began in 1173 and it was continued (with two long interruptions) for about two hundred years until 1370. The Tower of Pisa is the bell tower of the Cathedral and it is one of the monuments within the medieval Piazza dei Miracoli. Why the Tower of Pisa commence to lean? And how the inclination was stabilised? ![]()
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